Original Articles

Platelet Function Measurement–Based Strategy to Reduce Bleeding and Waiting Time in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

The Timing Based on Platelet Function Strategy to Reduce Clopidogrel-Associated Bleeding Related to CABG (TARGET-CABG) Study

Elisabeth Mahla, Thomas A. Suarez, Kevin P. Bliden, Peter Rehak, Helfried Metzler, Alejandro J. Sequeira, Peter Cho, Jeffery Sell, John Fan, Mark J. Antonino, Udaya S. Tantry, Paul A. Gurbel
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.967208
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2012;5:261-269
Originally published April 17, 2012

Jump to

Abstract

Background—Aspirin and clopidogrel therapy is associated with a variable bleeding risk in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). We evaluated the role of platelet function testing in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing CABG.

Methods and Results—One hundred eighty patients on background aspirin with/without clopidogrel therapy undergoing elective first time isolated on-pump CABG were enrolled in a prospective single-center, nonrandomized, unblinded investigation (Timing Based on Platelet Function Strategy to Reduce Clopidogrel-Associated Bleeding Related to CABG [TARGET-CABG] study) between September 2008 and January 2011. Clopidogrel responsiveness (ADP-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength [MAADP]) was determined by thrombelastography; CABG was done within 1 day, 3–5 days, and >5 days in patients with an MAADP >50 mm, 35–50 mm, and <35 mm, respectively. The primary end point was 24-hour chest tube drainage and key secondary end point was total number of transfused red blood cells. Equivalence was defined as ≤25% difference between groups. ANCOVA was used to adjust for confounders. Mean 24-hour chest tube drainage in clopidogrel-treated patients was 93% (95% confidence interval, 81–107%) of the amount observed in clopidogrel-naive patients, and the total amount of red blood cells transfused did not differ between groups (1.80 U versus 2.08 U, respectively, P=0.540). The total waiting period in clopidogrel-treated patients was 233 days (mean, 2.7 days per patient).

Conclusions—A strategy based on preoperative platelet function testing to determine the timing of CABG in clopidogrel-treated patients was associated with the same amount of bleeding observed in clopidogrel-naive patients and ≈50% shorter waiting time than recommended in the current guidelines.

Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00857155.

Introduction

Treatment with aspirin and a thienopyridine is a well-established strategy to prevent ischemic event occurrence in patients with high-risk coronary artery disease.1,2 Irreversible inhibition of platelet function associated with thienopyridine therapy carries a substantial risk of bleeding, particularly in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).3–5 Up to 15% of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes will require CABG,6,7 and bleeding complications and transfusion of red blood cells in these patients have been associated with adverse outcomes.8–11 The 2011 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction has a class I recommendation for withdrawing clopidogrel for 5 days and prasugrel for 7 days to allow for recovery of platelet function before planned CABG.12 The antiplatelet response to clopidogrel is highly variable and is negligible in up to ≈30% of patients.13 Clopidogrel is also associated with a slow and variable offset of pharmacodynamic effect. In selected patients, platelet function may recover before the recommended 5-day discontinuation period.14,15

Despite some evidence of less bleeding events associated with off-pump CABG, the recent literature yields heterogeneous results with increased as well as similar bleeding events in patients receiving clopidogrel ≤5 days and >5 days before CABG, respectively.5–7,16–20 Therefore, a recommended 5-day waiting period may not benefit selected patients and will be associated with increased costs of hospitalization. Notably, the 2011 Update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists' Blood Conservation Clinical Practice Guidelines gave a class IIb recommendation for platelet function testing to determine the timing of surgery in patients on clopidogrel therapy (level of evidence C).21 However, thus far, no prospective study using platelet function testing has been performed to determine timing of surgery in clopidogrel-treated patients. We hypothesized that clopidogrel-treated patients will have the same bleeding outcomes as clopidogrel-naive patients when the timing of elective first time isolated on-pump CABG in the former patients is based on platelet function testing.

WHAT IS KNOWN

  • The antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel is highly variable and is negligible in up to 30% of patients;10–15% of patients with acute coronary syndrome require coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG).

  • The recent literature yields heterogeneous results with increased as well as similar bleeding events in patients on clopidogrel therapy clopidogrel before CABG.

WHAT THE STUDY ADDS

  • In patients on dual antiplatelet therapy needing CABG, targeted waiting based on preoperative platelet function monitoring shortens the recommended preoperative waiting period and results in similar bleeding as compared with clopidogrel-naive patients.

Methods

Study Design and Treatment Strategies

Timing Based on Platelet Function Strategy to Reduce Clopidogrel-Associated Bleeding Related to CABG (TARGET-CABG) was a prospective, single-center, unblinded study. After institutional review board approval and written informed consent, consecutive patients scheduled for elective, first-time, isolated on-pump CABG at the Sinai Hospital of Baltimore were enrolled between September 2008 and January 2011. Patients between the ages of 18–85 were included if they were on aspirin therapy (81–325 mg/d). Patients were excluded for any of the following criteria: emergency surgery after failed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), redo sternotomy, concomitant valve repair or replacement, anemia (hematocrit <30%), low platelet count (<120 000/mm3), coagulopathy (history of bleeding diathesis, exposure to coumadin), renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), and known active hepatic disease.

The study flow diagram is presented in Figure 1. Eligible patients were categorized as either clopidogrel-treated or clopidogrel-naive. The clopidogrel-treated group consisted of patients treated with a clopidogrel loading dose or patients on 75 mg daily maintenance therapy for at least 5 days. Platelet function testing was determined by ADP-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength (MAADP) measured by thrombelastography after a minimum of 8 hours after loading and at least 1 hour after maintenance dosing. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to on-treatment platelet reactivity. Surgery was scheduled within 1 day in those with an MAADP >50 mm (high reactivity), within 3–5 days in those with an MAADP 35–50 mm (intermediate reactivity), and after 5 days in those with an MAADP <35 mm (low reactivity). In the absence of a validated cutoff to predict on-pump CABG related bleeding, we chose these above expert opinion–based thrombelastography (TEG, Haemonetics Corporation Braintree, MA) cutoffs for targeted waiting based on a prior study demonstrating that an MAADP >47 was associated with short- and long- term ischemic event occurrence in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing stenting. Therefore, these findings served as the rationale for scheduling surgery with no delay in patients with an MAADP >50 mm. We speculated that an MAADP cutoff associated with ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing stenting could potentially serve as a surrogate for adequate hemostasis in surgical patients.22 The rationale for the delayed groups was established by using a calculation for MAADP recovery based on platelet turnover rate of 10 days and 5–95th percentile range for MAADP in patients on aspirin and clopidogrel.3,22

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Study design and patient flow diagram. TEG indicates thrombelastography; MAADP, adenosine-diphosphate–induced platelet-fibrin clot strength; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ICU, intensive care unit. *Reasons for dropout: refusal of surgery after consenting (n=4); declined by the surgeons due to poorly graftable veins (n=4) or serious comorbidity (n=3), combined procedures (n=2), scheduling problems (n=4), acute hemodynamic compromise needing urgent CABG (n=2), protocol violation (n=4). **Reason for dropout: refusal of surgery after screening (n=1).

Patients in the clopidogrel-naive group also had postcatheterization MAADP assessed and were scheduled for surgery at the discretion of the treating physician. Platelet function testing was repeated immediately before CABG, on arrival in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU), and at 24 hours after CABG. Troponin I was measured before surgery and serially after surgery in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Postoperative bleeding was assessed by 24-hour chest tube drainage and total amount of transfused red blood cells. Duration of intubation, length of ICU stay, postoperative complications including redo sternotomy rates, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Patient data were collected by source document review and telephone interviews at 30 days after CABG to monitor the development of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

The perioperative care of the patients was at the discretion of the attending physician. Apart from the preoperative MAADP values, the investigators were blinded to the results of platelet function testing. Aspirin therapy was continued until the day before surgery. In patients on preoperative heparin therapy for acute coronary syndromes, treatment was continued until surgery. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy (eptifibatide only) was discontinued at least 4 hours before surgery.

Three surgeons performed all of the operations. Hemodynamics were monitored in all patients by pulmonary and systemic arterial catheters. Lorazepam (0.5–1.0 mg) was given orally 60 minutes before surgery. Anesthesia was induced with parenteral fentanyl (4–12 μg/kg), etomidate (0.2–0.4 mg/kg), and pancuronium bromide (0.1 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane (1.0–1.9%) in oxygen. During cardiopulmonary bypass additional doses of fentanyl (1–4 μg/kg) and pancuronium bromide (0.05–0.1 mg/kg) or atracurium besylate (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) were administered as needed. Nitroglycerin (0.1–0.2 μg/kg per minute) was administered for vasodilatation, dobutamine (1–4 μg/kg per minute) or epinephrine (0.02–0.1 μg/kg per minute) for inotropic support, and norepinephrine (0.02–0.1 μg/kg per minute) as a vasopressor. All patients were treated with 5 g intravenous ɛ-aminocapronic acid at induction of anesthesia and 5 g in the pump prime solution. Before aortic cannulation, systemic anticoagulation was established by an initial loading dose of 300 IU/kg unfractionated heparin to obtain an activated clotting time ≥480 seconds that was maintained during bypass by supplemental administration. On completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, anticoagulation was reversed by protamine chloride in a 1:1 ratio; additional protamine was given as required to achieve an activated clotting time <140 seconds. A centrifugal pump (Sorin Group, Deutschland GMBH, Lindberghstrasse 25, Munich, Germany) was used for bypass. The oxygenator was primed with 800 mL of lactated ringers solution and 200 mL of solution containing 50 g mannitol and 5000 IU heparin. During bypass, nonpulsatile flow was maintained at 2.2–2.6 L/m2, and hypothermia (31–33°C) was established in all patients.

After surgery, patients were transferred to the ICU and weaned from the ventilator after exhibiting complete recovery from anesthesia, hemodynamic stability with no evidence of significant bleeding, adequate blood gas values, and a core temperature >36°C. The perioperative transfusion trigger was set to a hematocrit of 21% on pump and 25% thereafter, unless active bleeding, low cardiac output, poor left ventricular function, or other clinical variables suggested a need to increase this level. Platelets were administered in bleeding patients with a platelet count of <70 000/mL. Fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate were administered in bleeding patients with an activated partial thromboplastin time >1.75×normal. Surgical reexploration was indicated when chest tube drainage was >1200 mL in first 3 hours after surgery.

After surgery, patients received 300 mg aspirin per rectum 6 hours after surgery and 162 mg/d orally thereafter unless contraindicated by a platelet count <70 000/mL or active bleeding as indicated by the necessity of administrating platelets, fresh frozen plasma, or cryoprecipitate. Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis was achieved with enoxaparin (Lovenox, Sanofi-Aventis, LLC, US) administered subcutaneously (40 mg/d and 30 mg/d in patients with a creatinine clearance <40 mL/min, respectively) starting on postoperative day 1, unless contraindicated by a platelet count <70 000/mL or a platelet count decrease suggestive of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Blood Sampling

Postcatheterization blood samples were taken from an indwelling femoral arterial sheath in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Subsequent blood samples were obtained from an indwelling radial arterial line and after its removal, from the central venous line. Blood samples were transferred to one Vacutainer tube (Becton-Dickinson, Becton-Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) containing 3.8% trisodium citrate and 1 tube containing 45 USP lithium heparin (Becton-Dickinson, Becton-Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, NJ). The blood tubes were filled to capacity and gently inverted 3–5 times to ensure complete mixing of the respective anticoagulant.

Thrombelastography Platelet Mapping Assay

The TEG technology is described elsewhere.23 Briefly, a stationary pin is suspended into an oscillating cup that contains the whole blood sample. As the blood clots, it links the pin to the cup. Clot strength is determined by measuring the amplitude of the rotation of the pin, which increases proportionally with clot strength. Maximum amplitude represents maximum clot strength, expressed as the MA parameter. Reptilase and factor XIIIa (activator F) are used to generate a cross-linked fibrin clot to isolate the contribution of fibrin to clot strength. The P2Y12 receptor contribution to clot formation is measured by the addition of ADP.

One milliliter of citrated blood was transferred to a vial containing kaolin and mixed by inversion. Three hundred forty microliters of the activated blood was then transferred to the cup. Twenty microliters of 0.2 mol/L calcium chloride were added to this cup and assayed in the TEG analyzer to measure thrombin-induced clot strength (MAthrombin). Three hundred forty microliters heparinized blood were added to another cup containing reptilase and activator F to determine the tensile strength of the fibrin clot (MAfibrin) in the absence of thrombin generation or platelet stimulation. A third sample of heparinized blood (340 μL) was added to the cup in the presence of the activator F and ADP (2 μmol/L) to determine the tensile strength of the platelet-fibrin clot induced by ADP (MAADP). A final sample of heparinized blood (340 μL) was added to the cup in the presence of activator F and arachidonic acid (AA) (1 mmol/L) to determine the tensile strength of the platelet-fibrin clot (MAAA) due to cyclooxygenase activity as a measure of aspirin responsiveness. Percent inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced aggregation was calculated by the formula 100%−[(MAAA−MAfibrin)/ (MAthrombin−MAfibrin)]×100%.

Troponin I

Troponin I levels were determined according to manufacturer's specifications (Siemens Dimension Vista 1500, Deerfield, IL). The upper level of normal is 0.9 ng/mL.

End Points

The primary and secondary end points were the volume of chest tube drainage at 24 hours after CABG and the total number of transfused packed red blood cells, respectively. Tertiary end points were MACE (cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization), rethoracotomy, and all-cause mortality within 30 days after the index surgery. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction required either the development of new Q waves or new persistent ST-segment or T-wave changes associated with an increase of troponin I (>5 times upper limits of normal) or autopsy evidence of acute myocardial infarction.24 Cardiac death was defined as death related to myocardial infarction, heart failure, or arrhythmia.

Statistical Analysis

Based on a review of 50 consecutive clopidogrel-naive patients undergoing on-pump CABG between April and June 2008, the mean 24-hour chest tube drainage was 1000±500 mL. Assuming an α risk of 0.05 and a power of 0.90, we estimated that 85 patients were required per group to demonstrate equivalent bleeding (no more than 25% difference) in patients on clopidogrel therapy as compared with clopidogrel-naive patients, based on 2 1-sided tests (NCSS software, Kaysville, UT). Due to an expected dropout rate of up to 20%, a total of 200 patients (100 per group) was required. For safety reasons, we performed an interim analysis after the first 50 clopidogrel-treated patients were enrolled.

Data were tested for normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test. Results are presented as mean±SD, medians, and interquartile range (25–75th percentile), as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Continuous variables were compared by t test or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Equivalence of 24-hours chest output (after log transformation due to log-normal distribution) and total number of transfused packed blood cells was tested using 2 1-sided t tests and 2 1-sided Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. In addition, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to correct for potential confounders. Demographic variables and intraoperative characteristics with a P<0.05 as well as the following preoperative and postoperative clinical and laboratory parameters were entered into the model: 24-hour preoperative unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin or eptifibatide therapy, dose of aspirin (81 mg, 162 mg, or 325 mg), preoperative hemoglobin, preoperative MAthrombin, MAfibrin, and activated partial thromboplastin time; and MAthrombin, MAfibrin, and MAADP on ICU arrival. Confidence intervals were calculated from the ANCOVA according to Tukey-Kramer. The perioperative change of platelet function, platelet count, and hemoglobin were compared by 2-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with post hoc testing according to Tukey-Kramer in case of significant time and interaction effects. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical software package NCSS 2007 (NCSS, Kaysville, UT) was used for analysis.

Results

Interim Analysis

Interim analysis revealed numerically less 24-hour chest tube drainage in the first 50 clopidogrel-treated as compared with 90 clopidogrel-naive patients (777±516 versus 846±414 mL, respectively).25 In the absence of safety concerns, the study protocol continued.

Study Population

A total of 204 patients eligible for the study underwent post–cardiac catheterization screening of platelet function (Figure 1). Twenty-four patients (23 clopidogrel-treated and 1 clopidogrel-naive) dropped out due to protocol deviations, leaving 180 patients for the final analysis.

Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1. More frequent male sex, a lower body mass index, a less frequent history of myocardial infarction and coronary artery stenting, less β-blocker usage, and treatment with lower aspirin doses were observed in the clopidogrel-naive group. More patients treated with clopidogrel presented with acute coronary syndrome. The EURO score26 and the percentage of patients receiving anticoagulants within the last 24 hours preoperatively were similar between the groups.

View this table:
Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Study Patients

Preoperative Waiting Period

Based on screening MAADP, 27, 42, and 17 clopidogrel-treated patients were scheduled to undergo CABG within 1 day, 3–5 days, and after 5 days of clopidogrel withdrawal, respectively (Figure 1). The total preoperative waiting period of clopidogrel-treated patients was 233 days (mean, 2.7 days per patient). The actual median waiting period according to preoperative screening MAADP values in the 3 groups is shown in Figure 2. Although actual and predefined waiting periods corresponded well in 59% of the patients scheduled to undergo CABG after 5 days, 35% underwent surgery earlier. Likewise, in the group of patients scheduled to wait for 3–5 days, actual and predefined waiting periods corresponded in 62%, and 33% went earlier. Eighty-two percent of the patients scheduled to undergo CABG within 1 day underwent surgery within 24 hours.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Stratification according to screening adenosine-diphosphate–induced platelet-fibrin clot strength (MAADP). Actual days without clopidogrel before coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in the 3 groups of clopidogrel-treated patients according to screening MAADP depicted as box-and-whisker plots. Line in the box indicates the median and the box reaches from the 25th and the 75th percentiles. Whiskers range from the 10–90th percentile. Circles are outliers.

Perioperative Patient Characteristics

The intraoperative characteristics of patients are presented in Table 2. Clopidogrel-naive patients received more grafts, had longer cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times, and received more salvaged blood.

View this table:
Table 2.

Intraoperative Characteristics and Outcome Data

Perioperative Laboratory Measurements

Percent inhibition of arachidonic acid–induced aggregation did not differ between clopidogrel-naive and clopidogrel-treated patients (86±17% versus 89±16%, P=NS). Prespecified waiting was associated with an increase in MAADP in clopidogrel-treated patients ([44.6 (95% CI: 42.0–47.2) to 50.6 (95% CI: 48.1–53.1)], Figure 3). However, after surgery there was a similar trend in the MAADP in both groups, with a decrease on ICU arrival and a recovery 24 hours after surgery (P<0.001 for trend; Figure 3). The perioperative trend of MAfibrin was similar between the 2 treatment groups, with an immediate postoperative decrease and a recovery at 24 hours after surgery (P<0.001 for trend; data not shown). Despite a slightly higher preoperative hemoglobin level in clopidogrel-naive patients, postoperative and discharge levels were similar in both groups (P<0.001 for trend; Figure 4). Perioperative platelet count was similar in both groups (Figure 5), although a numerically lower platelet count was observed in clopidogrel-naive patients on ICU arrival and 24 hours after surgery.

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Perioperative change in platelet function. Platelet function (mean; 95% confidence interval) assessed by thrombelastography platelet mapping in clopidogrel-naive patients (open rectangles, solid line) as compared with clopidogrel-treated patients.(closed rectangles, dotted line). *Significant group difference (P<0.05) in post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ICU, intensive care unit; and MAADP, adenosine-diphosphate–induced platelet-fibrin clot strength.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Perioperative change in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin levels (mean; 95% confidence interval) in clopidogrel-naive patients (open rectangles, solid line) as compared with clopidogrel-treated patients (closed rectangles, dotted line). CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ICU, intensive care unit.*Significant group difference (P<0.05) in post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test.

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Perioperative change in platelet count. Platelet count (mean; 95% confidence interval) in clopidogrel-naive patients (open rectangles, solid line) as compared with clopidogrel-treated patients (closed rectangles, dotted line). CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ICU, intensive care unit; and Post-op, postoperative.

Perioperative Bleeding

Median chest tube drainage was similar between clopidogrel-treated and clopidogrel-naive patients (Figure 6). The mean chest tube drainage (log data) was 730 mL, 692 mL, and 766 mL after back-transformation in all patients, in clopidogrel-treated, and in clopidogrel-naive patients, respectively. ANCOVA yielded 728 mL, 703 mL and 753 mL.

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Twenty-four–hour postoperative chest tube drainage. Chest tube drainage in clopidogrel-treated patients (3 waiting groups) and clopidogrel-naive patients presented as box-and-whisker plots. The line in the box indicates the median and the box reaches from the 25th and the 75th percentile. The whiskers range from the 10–90th percentile. Circles are outliers; n.s. indicates not significant between the groups.

Both 1-sided t tests were highly significant (upper boundary: P<0.001, lower boundary: P=0.005), thus equivalence was established.

Correcting for potential confounders by covariate analysis also demonstrated that there was no difference in blood loss between clopidogrel-treated and clopidogrel-naive patients (P=0.496) and there was no difference across the 3 categories of clopidogrel-treated patients (P=0.27). Chest tube drainage in clopidogrel-treated patients was 93.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.0–107.4%) that of clopidogrel-naive patients.

The mean total amount of red blood cells transfused was 1.98, 1.81, and 2.14 in all patients, in clopidogrel-treated, and in clopidogrel-naive patients, respectively. ANCOVA yielded 1.94, 1.80, and 2.08. For the upper boundary, the 1-sided U test was highly significant (P<0.001), whereas the test for the lower boundary showed no significance (P=0.31). Therefore, noninferiority was established but not equivalence.

ANCOVA yielded no difference in the total amount of red blood cells transfused to clopidogrel-treated patients as compared with clopidogrel-naive patients (P=0.540). Clopidogrel-treated patients received 86.6% (95% CI, 56.3–116.9%) of the amount of red blood cells transfused to clopidogrel-naive patients.

Clinical Outcomes

One clopidogrel-treated patient had a preoperative myocardial infarction during clopidogrel withdrawal. Median length of hospital stay was significantly higher in the clopidogrel-treated patients as compared with clopidogrel-naive patients (8 days versus 6 days, P<0.001). However, there was no difference in duration of intubation, ICU stay, rethoracotomy rates, 30-day mortality, and 30-day readmission rate between the 2 groups (Table 2). Two patients underwent recatheterization for clinical signs of ischemia: 1 clopidogrel-treated and 1 clopidogrel-naive patient.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective investigation of a platelet function measurement–based strategy to reduce bleeding and waiting time in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing on-pump CABG. Our study demonstrated that the strategy of platelet function measurement by thrombelastography shortened the waiting period of clopidogrel-treated patients without increasing CABG-related bleeding. Our strategy resulted in an overall 46% shortening of the guideline recommended preoperative waiting period for clopidogrel-treated patients (mean 2.7 days versus 5 days per patient).12 The aspirin response did not differ between groups and therefore a differential response to aspirin cannot serve as an explanation for our findings.

The reduction in waiting time was largely due to the high prevalence of patients with high platelet reactivity during clopidogrel therapy who underwent CABG within 1 day of platelet function testing. Overall, chest tube drainage and the transfusion of red blood cells were 93% (95% CI, 81–107%) and 87% (95% CI, 56–117%) of the amount observed in clopidogrel-naive patients, respectively. These findings were well within or even below the predefined equivalence range of ±25%. However, due to the common practice of in-hospital clopidogrel withdrawal, the length of hospital stay in clopidogrel-treated patients was longer than in clopidogrel-naive patients and is consistent with the previous reports.6,16

Despite the clinical efficacy associated with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), irreversible P2Y12 blockade carries substantial risks of bleeding in patients undergoing CABG.5–7,16,17,19,27–29 Bleeding complications and transfusion of red blood cells have been associated with short- and long-term mortality by increasing the risk of infection and myocardial infarction.8–11 Available studies show conflicting results with both similar and increased bleeding in patients undergoing CABG <5 days and ≥5 days after clopidogrel withdrawal.6,16,17,19,27 This heterogeneity is further substantiated by a recent meta-analysis of 34 studies involving 22 584 patients.5 Potential explanations for these conflicting results are various bleeding definitions and transfusion triggers; retrospective and registry analyses; not controlling for cardiopulmonary bypass or use of aspirin, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor, and antifibrinolytics; and small sample sizes including redo operations, combined procedures, and varying surgical experiences.5,6,16,19,27,30 Nevertheless, the current evidence indirectly suggests an association between the level of platelet reactivity and the risk of bleeding both by demonstrating a 0.6% increase in major non–CABG-related bleeding and a 10.2% increase in CABG-related bleeding in patients on prasugrel as compared with clopidogrel.29 Furthermore, there is a clustering of CABG-related hemorrhagic complications in those patients undergoing surgery during the first 24–48 hours after clopidogrel withdrawal.16,17 Using the Multiplate analyzer, Sibbing et al31 recently demonstrated an increased risk of post-PCI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction major bleeding in patients treated with clopidogrel who had platelet reactivity below a cutoff. However, cutoffs for major bleeding after PCI may not apply for CABG-related bleeding, particularly with respect to the specifics of cardiopulmonary bypass.32

Chen et al33 first demonstrated that ADP-induced aggregation <40% predicted 92% of severe CABG-related bleeding in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing first time on-pump CABG. Likewise, Rannucci et al34 demonstrated that in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing different on-pump cardiac procedures, ADP-induced platelet aggregation as measured by Multiplate analyzer was independently associated with excessive bleeding with a cutoff of 31 U, yielding an area under the curve of 0.71 and a negative predictive value of 92%. However, the latter data may be biased by the retrospective study design, the inherent different bleeding risks of isolated CABG and combined procedures, and a therapeutic algorithm treating microvascular bleeding based on preoperative aggregation values.

TEG-based algorithms have been demonstrated to reduce transfusion requirements, and the addition of platelet fibrin-clot strength measurement to an existing risk prediction model significantly improved the risk stratification for excessive blood loss in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery.35–37 Furthermore, we have earlier demonstrated an association between both platelet-fibrin clot strength and MAADP with short- and long-term post-PCI ischemic event occurrences.22,38

In patients presenting for elective off-pump CABG during DAPT, Kwak et al39 demonstrated that irrespective of the time between drug withdrawal and surgery, patients in the highest tertile of platelet inhibitory response (>76.5% inhibition) had higher chest tube output and higher transfusion rates as compared with patients in the other tertiles. Importantly, the highest tertile of platelet inhibitory response remained the only independent risk factor associated with an adjusted 11-fold relative increased risk of transfusion in off-pump CABG patients.39

Because there is wide variability in clopidogrel response and also variability in platelet function recovery after clopidogrel withdrawal, a uniform waiting period may not benefit all patients needing CABG. In contrast to previous studies searching for a bleeding threshold in patients undergoing CABG,33,34,39 the current prospective study was designed with a targeted approach for patients on DAPT undergoing first-time isolated on-pump CABG. In the absence of a validated cutoff predicting on-pump CABG-related bleeding, we chose these above expert opinion, based TEG cutoffs for targeted waiting. The rationale for scheduling surgery with no delay in patients with an MAADP >50 mm was based on the evidence that MAADP >47 mm was associated with short- and long-term ischemic events after PCI, suggesting sufficient platelet function to overcome increased bleeding risk.22

Our results corroborate and extend those of Kwak et al39 by demonstrating that a targeted approach combining platelet function monitoring and a tailored waiting period in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing on-pump CABG is safe in terms of equivalent bleeding as compared with clopidogrel-naive patients. Furthermore, our results support the recommendations of the 2011 Update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists' Blood Conservation Clinical Practice Guidelines to consider that the interval between discontinuation of irreversible P2Y12 blockers and elective surgery may be as short as 3 days.21 The current study provides the first prospective evidence to support the recommendation to consider platelet function monitoring to determine the timing of surgery in clopidogrel-treated patients as compared with the current practice of unselected timing.21

Study Limitations

Several limitations to this study should be noted. TARGET-CABG was a single-center, nonrandomized study, which could compromise generalizability of the results. Although we used ANCOVA to adjust for univariate significant variables and other confounders that are known to affect bleeding, we cannot exclude a bias induced by unknown covariates. To minimize potential bias, patients underwent CABG by 1 of 3 surgeons who were blinded to immediate preoperative platelet function, and patients were treated by a standardized protocol including perioperative aspirin administration, strict transfusion triggers, and routine use of antifibrinolytics as well as standardized anesthesia administration. We believe that the parallel postoperative trend of hemoglobin and platelets in both patient groups substantiates adherence to these standards. Furthermore, our protocol prohibited the use of hetastarch because of its known adverse effect on fibrin polymerization and bleeding.40 In the absence of a validated cutoff for on-pump CABG related bleeding, we used an expert opinion–based cutoff for targeted waiting. Our study design does not allow validation of this cutoff. However, equivalence in chest output and noninferiority of transfusion requirements suggest its potential suitability, albeit a general recommendation needs prior validation by further studies. The study was not designed to assess the association of clopidogrel withdrawal and occurrence of major adverse ischemic events. However, apart from the different length of hospital stay, there were no differences in outcomes between clopidogrel-treated and clopidogrel-naive patients. Finally, although the median preoperative waiting period corresponded with the predefined waiting time, protocol deviations occurred in 18–35% due to scheduling problems and occurrence of ischemic symptoms while waiting for surgery. However, as the majority of these protocol deviations reduced the time between clopidogrel withdrawal and surgery, a negative impact on bleeding would be expected, which was not substantiated by the data.

Conclusions

A strategy based on preoperative platelet function testing to determine the timing of CABG in clopidogrel-treated patients was associated with the same amount of bleeding observed in clopidogrel-naive patients and ≈50% shorter waiting time than recommended in the current guidelines. Clearly, before implementing in routine practice, our results demonstrating the utility of a MAADP >50 cutoff must be validated in a large-scale, prospective study.

Sources of Funding

Sinai Hospital of Baltimore provided an unrestricted grant for this study. Haemoscope and Haemonetics provided the instruments and reagents to measure platelet function without charge.

Disclosures

Dr Gurbel received research grants, honoraria, and consultant fees from Haemoscope, Hemonetics, AstraZeneca, Merck, Medtronic, Lilly/Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Sanofi-Aventis/Bristol Myers, Portola, Novartis, Boston-Scientific, Bayer, Novartis, Accumetrics, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Johnson and Johnson.

Acknowledgments

We thank Edmund Hooven, Susan Davis, Nancy Amato, Rebecca Turner, Helen Kumalolo, and the nurses of the cardiac surgical intensive care unit for their assistance in the conduction of the study.

  • Received October 7, 2011.
  • Accepted January 27, 2012.

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Steinhubl SR,
    2. Berger PB,
    3. Mann JT III.,
    4. Fry ETA,
    5. DeLago A,
    6. Wilmer C,
    7. Topol EJ
    , for the CI. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled Trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2411–2420.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Yusuf S,
    2. Zhao F,
    3. Mehta SR,
    4. Chrolavicius S,
    5. Tognoni G,
    6. Fox KK
    . Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:494–502.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Patrono C,
    2. Baigent C,
    3. Hirsh J,
    4. Roth G
    . Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:199S–233S.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Mahla E,
    2. Metzler H,
    3. Tantry US,
    4. Gurbel PA
    . Controversies in oral antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:1040–1051.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Nijjer SS,
    2. Watson G,
    3. Athanasiou T,
    4. Malik IS
    . Safety of clopidogrel being continued until the time of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of 34 studies. Eur Heart J. 2011;23:2970–2988.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    1. Ebrahimi R,
    2. Dyke C,
    3. Mehran R,
    4. Manoukian SV,
    5. Feit F,
    6. Cox DA,
    7. Gersh BJ,
    8. Ohman EM,
    9. White HD,
    10. Moses JW,
    11. Ware JH,
    12. Lincoff AM,
    13. Stone GW
    . Outcomes following pre-operative clopidogrel administration in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1965–1972.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Mehta RH,
    2. Roe MT,
    3. Mulgund J,
    4. Ohman EM,
    5. Cannon CP,
    6. Gibler WB,
    7. Pollack CV Jr.,
    8. Smith SC Jr.,
    9. Ferguson TB,
    10. Peterson ED
    . Acute clopidogrel use and outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:281–286.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Eikelboom JW,
    2. Mehta SR,
    3. Anand SS,
    4. Xie C,
    5. Fox KA,
    6. Yusuf S
    . Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006;114:774–782.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. 9.↵
    1. Hajjar LA,
    2. Vincent JL,
    3. Galas FR,
    4. Nakamura RE,
    5. Silva CM,
    6. Santos MH,
    7. Fukushima J,
    8. Kalil Filho R,
    9. Sierra DB,
    10. Lopes NH,
    11. Mauad T,
    12. Roquim AC,
    13. Sundin MR,
    14. Leao WC,
    15. Almeida JP,
    16. Pomerantzeff PM,
    17. Dallan LO,
    18. Jatene FB,
    19. Stolf NA,
    20. Auler JO Jr.
    . Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery: the TRACS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:1559–1567.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Murphy GJ,
    2. Reeves BC,
    3. Rogers CA,
    4. Rizvi SI,
    5. Culliford L,
    6. Angelini GD
    . Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2007;116:2544–2552.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Rao SV,
    2. Eikelboom JA,
    3. Granger CB,
    4. Harrington RA,
    5. Califf RM,
    6. Bassand JP
    . Bleeding and blood transfusion issues in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1193–1204.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Wright RS,
    2. Anderson JL,
    3. Adams CD,
    4. Bridges CR,
    5. Casey DE Jr.,
    6. Ettinger SM,
    7. Fesmire FM,
    8. Ganiats TG,
    9. Jneid H,
    10. Lincoff AM,
    11. Peterson ED,
    12. Philippides GJ,
    13. Theroux P,
    14. Wenger NK,
    15. Zidar JP
    . 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Am J Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1920–1959.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Gurbel PA,
    2. Bliden KP,
    3. Hiatt BL,
    4. O'Connor CM
    . Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2003;107:2908–2913.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Price MJ,
    2. Coleman JL,
    3. Steinhubl SR,
    4. Wong GB,
    5. Cannon CP,
    6. Teirstein PS
    . Onset and offset of platelet inhibition after high-dose clopidogrel loading and standard daily therapy measured by a point-of-care assay in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:681–684.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Gurbel PA,
    2. Bliden KP,
    3. Butler K,
    4. Tantry US,
    5. Gesheff T,
    6. Wei C,
    7. Teng R,
    8. Antonino MJ,
    9. Patil SB,
    10. Karunakaran A,
    11. Kereiakes DJ,
    12. Parris C,
    13. Purdy D,
    14. Wilson V,
    15. Ledley GS,
    16. Storey RF
    . Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation. 2009;120:2577–2585.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    1. Berger JS,
    2. Frye CB,
    3. Harshaw Q,
    4. Edwards FH,
    5. Steinhubl SR,
    6. Becker RC
    . Impact of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes requiring coronary artery bypass surgery: a multicenter analysis. Am J Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1693–1701.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Herman CR,
    2. Buth KJ,
    3. Kent BA,
    4. Hirsch GM
    . Clopidogrel increases blood transfusion and hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:397–402.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Kapetanakis EI,
    2. Medlam DA,
    3. Petro KR,
    4. Haile E,
    5. Hill PC,
    6. Dullum MK,
    7. Bafi AS,
    8. Boyce SW,
    9. Corso PJ
    . Effect of clopidogrel premedication in off-pump cardiac surgery: are we forfeiting the benefits of reduced hemorrhagic sequelae? Circulation. 2006;113:1667–1674.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. 19.↵
    1. Kim JH-J,
    2. Newby LK,
    3. Clare RM,
    4. Shaw LK,
    5. Lodge AJ,
    6. Smith PK,
    7. Jolicoeur EM,
    8. Rao SV,
    9. Becker RC,
    10. Mark DB,
    11. Granger CB
    . Clopidogrel use and bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J. 2008;156:886–892.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Shim JK,
    2. Choi YS,
    3. Oh YJ,
    4. Bang SO,
    5. Yoo KJ,
    6. Kwak YL
    . Effects of preoperative aspirin and clopidogrel therapy on perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:59–64.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Ferraris VA,
    2. Brown JR,
    3. Despotis GJ,
    4. Hammon JW,
    5. Reece TB,
    6. Saha SP,
    7. Song HK,
    8. Clough ER,
    9. Shore-Lesserson LJ,
    10. Goodnough LT,
    11. Mazer CD,
    12. Shander A,
    13. Stafford-Smith M,
    14. Waters J,
    15. Baker RA,
    16. Dickinson TA,
    17. FitzGerald DJ,
    18. Likosky DS,
    19. Shann KG
    . 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:944–982.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Gurbel PA,
    2. Bliden KP,
    3. Navickas IA,
    4. Mahla E,
    5. Dichiara J,
    6. Suarez TA,
    7. Antonino MJ,
    8. Tantry US,
    9. Cohen E
    . Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength: a new thrombelastographic indicator of long-term poststenting ischemic events. Am Heart J. 2010;160:346–354.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Bliden KP,
    2. DiChiara J,
    3. Tantry US,
    4. Bassi AK,
    5. Chaganti SK,
    6. Gurbel PA
    . Increased risk in patients with high platelet aggregation receiving chronic clopidogrel therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: is the current antiplatelet therapy adequate? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:657–666.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Thygesen K,
    2. Alpert JS,
    3. White HD,
    4. Jaffe AS,
    5. Apple FS,
    6. Galvani M,
    7. Katus HA,
    8. Newby LK,
    9. Ravkilde J,
    10. Chaitman B,
    11. Clemmensen PM,
    12. Dellborg M,
    13. Hod H,
    14. Porela P,
    15. Underwood R,
    16. Bax JJ,
    17. Beller GA,
    18. Bonow R,
    19. Van Der Wall EE,
    20. Bassand JP,
    21. Wijns W,
    22. Ferguson TB,
    23. Steg PG,
    24. Uretsky BF,
    25. Williams DO,
    26. Armstrong PW,
    27. Antman EM,
    28. Fox KA,
    29. Hamm CW,
    30. Ohman EM,
    31. Simoons ML,
    32. Poole-Wilson PA,
    33. Gurfinkel EP,
    34. Lopez-Sendon JL,
    35. Pais P,
    36. Mendis S,
    37. Zhu JR,
    38. Wallentin LC,
    39. Fernandez-Aviles F,
    40. Fox KM,
    41. Parkhomenko AN,
    42. Priori SG,
    43. Tendera M,
    44. Voipio-Pulkki LM,
    45. Vahanian A,
    46. Camm AJ,
    47. De Caterina R,
    48. Dean V,
    49. Dickstein K,
    50. Filippatos G,
    51. Funck-Brentano C,
    52. Hellemans I,
    53. Kristensen SD,
    54. McGregor K,
    55. Sechtem U,
    56. Silber S,
    57. Widimsky P,
    58. Zamorano JL,
    59. Morais J,
    60. Brener S,
    61. Harrington R,
    62. Morrow D,
    63. Lim M,
    64. Martinez-Rios MA,
    65. Steinhubl S,
    66. Levine GN,
    67. Gibler WB,
    68. Goff D,
    69. Tubaro M,
    70. Dudek D,
    71. Al-Attar N
    . Universal definition of myocardial infarction: Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S. Alpert, and Harvey D. White on behalf of the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2525–2538.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  25. 25.↵
    1. Mahla E,
    2. Suarez TA,
    3. Bliden KP,
    4. Sequeria AJ,
    5. Chow P,
    6. Tantry US,
    7. Gurbel PA
    . Time based strategy to reduce clopidogrel associated bleeding during CABG. Results from the TARGET CABG study. 2010 Presented at Clinical Science: Special reports, American College of Cardiology Meeting, 2010.
  26. 26.↵
    1. Nashef SA,
    2. Roques F,
    3. Michel P,
    4. Gauducheau E,
    5. Lemeshow S,
    6. Salamon R
    . European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16:9–13.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Fox KA,
    2. Mehta SR,
    3. Peters R,
    4. Zhao F,
    5. Lakkis N,
    6. Gersh BJ,
    7. Yusuf S
    . Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation. 2004;110:1202–1208.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. 28.↵
    1. Helton TJ,
    2. Bavry AA,
    3. Kumbhani DJ,
    4. Duggal S,
    5. Roukoz H,
    6. Bhatt DL
    . Incremental effect of clopidogrel on important outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2007;7:289–297.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Wiviott SD,
    2. Braunwald E,
    3. McCabe CH,
    4. Montalescot G,
    5. Ruzyllo W,
    6. Gottlieb S,
    7. Neumann F-J,
    8. Ardissino D,
    9. De Servi S,
    10. Murphy SA,
    11. Riesmeyer J,
    12. Weerakkody G,
    13. Gibson CM,
    14. Antman EM
    , the T-TI. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001–2015.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Mehran R,
    2. Rao SV,
    3. Bhatt DL,
    4. Gibson CM,
    5. Caixeta A,
    6. Eikelboom J,
    7. Kaul S,
    8. Wiviott SD,
    9. Menon V,
    10. Nikolsky E,
    11. Serebruany V,
    12. Valgimigli M,
    13. Vranckx P,
    14. Taggart D,
    15. Sabik JF,
    16. Cutlip DE,
    17. Krucoff MW,
    18. Ohman EM,
    19. Steg PG,
    20. White H
    . Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the bleeding academic research consortium. Circulation. 2011;123:2736–2747.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  31. 31.↵
    1. Sibbing D,
    2. Schulz S,
    3. Braun S,
    4. Morath T,
    5. Stegherr J,
    6. Mehilli J,
    7. Schomig A,
    8. von Beckerath N,
    9. Kastrati A
    . Antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel and bleeding in patients undergoing coronary stent placement. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:250–256.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Fergusson DA,
    2. Hebert PC,
    3. Mazer CD,
    4. Fremes S,
    5. MacAdams C,
    6. Murkin JM,
    7. Teoh K,
    8. Duke PC,
    9. Arellano R,
    10. Blajchman MA,
    11. Bussieres JS,
    12. Cote D,
    13. Karski J,
    14. Martineau R,
    15. Robblee JA,
    16. Rodger M,
    17. Wells G,
    18. Clinch J,
    19. Pretorius R
    . A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2319–2331.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Chen L,
    2. Bracey AW,
    3. Radovancevic R,
    4. Cooper JR Jr.,
    5. Collard CD,
    6. Vaughn WK,
    7. Nussmeier NA
    . Clopidogrel and bleeding in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:425–431.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Ranucci M,
    2. Baryshnikova E,
    3. Soro G,
    4. Ballotta A,
    5. De Benedetti D,
    6. Conti D
    . Multiple electrode whole-blood aggregometry and bleeding in cardiac surgery patients receiving thienopyridines. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:123–129.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Nuttall GA,
    2. Oliver WC,
    3. Santrach PJ,
    4. Bryant S,
    5. Dearani JA,
    6. Schaff HV,
    7. Ereth MH
    . Efficacy of a simple intraoperative transfusion algorithm for nonerythrocyte component utilization after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:773–781.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.↵
    1. Shore-Lesserson L,
    2. Manspeizer HE,
    3. DePerio M,
    4. Francis S,
    5. Vela-Cantos F,
    6. Ergin MA
    . Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:312–319.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Wasowicz M,
    2. McCluskey SA,
    3. Wijeysundera DN,
    4. Yau TM,
    5. Meinri M,
    6. Beattie WS,
    7. Karkouti K
    . The incremental value of thrombelastography for prediction of excessive blood loss after cardiac surgery: an observational study. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:331–338.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Gurbel PA,
    2. Bliden KP,
    3. Guyer K,
    4. Cho PW,
    5. Zaman KA,
    6. Kreutz RP,
    7. Bassi AK,
    8. Tantry US
    . Platelet reactivity in patients and recurrent events post-stenting: results of the PREPARE POST-STENTING Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1820–1826.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Kwak YL,
    2. Kim JC,
    3. Choi YS,
    4. Yoo KJ,
    5. Song Y,
    6. Shim JK
    . Clopidogrel responsiveness regardless of the discontinuation date predicts increased blood loss and transfusion requirement after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1994–2002.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Fenger-Eriksen C,
    2. Jensen TM,
    3. Kristensen BS,
    4. Jensen KM,
    5. Tonnesen E,
    6. Ingerslev J,
    7. Sorensen B
    . Fibrinogen substitution improves whole blood clot firmness after dilution with hydroxyethyl starch in bleeding patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:795–802.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
View Abstract

This Issue

Jump to

Article Tools

Share this Article

  • Email
  • Platelet Function Measurement–Based Strategy to Reduce Bleeding and Waiting Time in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
    Elisabeth Mahla, Thomas A. Suarez, Kevin P. Bliden, Peter Rehak, Helfried Metzler, Alejandro J. Sequeira, Peter Cho, Jeffery Sell, John Fan, Mark J. Antonino, Udaya S. Tantry and Paul A. Gurbel
    Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2012;5:261-269, originally published April 17, 2012
    https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.967208
    Permalink:
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo

Related Articles

Cited By...

Subjects